Publications from Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research

2025

Scientific papers (including preprints and commentaries)

• Gopinathan U., Elgersma I., Dalsbø T., Bjørbæk M & Fretheim A. Strengthening research preparedness for crises: lessons from Norwegian government agencies in using randomized trials and quasi-experimental methods to evaluate public policy interventions. Health Res Policy Sys 23, 8 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-024-01271-y
  
  
• Holst C, Woloshin S, Oxman AD, Rose C, Rosenbaum S, Munthe-Kaas HM. Alternative Presentations of Overall and Statistical Uncertainty for Adults’ Understanding of the Results of a Randomized Trial of a Public Health Intervention: Parallel Web-Based Randomized Trials. JMIR Public Health Surveillance 2025;11:e62828. doi: 10.2196/62828 PMID: 40101228
  
  
• Fretheim A. The Lack of Randomized Trials During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(6):e2513718. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.13718

• Woloshin S, Holst C, Oxman A, Rose C, Rosenbaum S, Munthe-Kaas HM. Communicating overall and statistical uncertainty: A randomized trial of ways to report the results of a study on wearing glasses to reduce COVID risk. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2025. Unpublished, non-peer-reviewed preprint
  
  
• Ringle, V.A.M., Dahlgren, A., Rosenbaum, S. et al. Critical thinking about health and treatments in the United States: a cross-sectional assessment of parents and undergraduate college students. BMC Public Health 25, 336 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21291-9

2024

Scientific papers (including preprints and commentaries)

• Solberg R B, Fretheim A, Elgersma I H, Fagernes M, Iversen B G, Hemkens L G, Rose C J, Elstrøm P. Personal protective effect of wearing surgical face masks in public spaces on self-reported respiratory symptoms in adults: pragmatic randomised superiority trial. BMJ 2024; 386 :e078918 doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-078918
  

• Fretheim A, Elstrøm P, Julin CH, Gopinathan U, Elgersma IH, Solberg RB, Helleve A. Why were so few randomized trials of public health and social measures conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic? The Norwegian experience. Trials. 2024 Oct 12;25(1):673. doi: 10.1186/s13063-024-08547-2.

• Munthe-Kaas HM, Oxman AD, von Lieres B, et al.Public participation in decisions about measures
  to manage the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.BMJ Glob Health 2024;9:e014404. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014404
  
  
• Elgersma IH, Elstrøm P, Hemkens LG, Helleve A, Kacelnik O, Fretheim A. Effect of wearing glasses for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 on visits to health care providers-additional results from a randomized controlled trial. 2024 Nov 12;25(1):753. doi: 10.1186/s13063-024-08602-y. 
  
  
• Munthe‐Kaas HM, Booth A, Sommer I, et al. Developing CAMELOT for assessing methodological limitations of qualitative research for inclusion in qualitative evidence syntheses. Cochrane Ev Synth. 2024;2:e12058. doi:10.1002/cesm.12058

• Racha Fadlallah, Fadi El-Jardali, Lama Bou Karroum, Nour Kalach, Reem Hoteit, Andrew Aoun, Lara Al-Hakim, Francisca Verdugo-Paiva, Gabriel Rada, Atle Fretheim, Simon Lewin, Ramona Ludolph, Elie A. Akl. The effects of public health and social measures (PHSM) implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Ev Synth. 2024; 2:e12055.  doi:10.1002/cesm.12055
  
  
• Munthe-Kaas H, Booth A, Noyes J. Chapter 7. Assessing methodological strengths and limitations of qualitative studies. Draft version (April 2024) for inclusion in: Noyes J, Harden A, editor(s). Cochrane-Campbell Handbook for Qualitative Evidence Synthesis, Version 1. London: Cochrane, April 2024.  https://training.cochrane.org/cochrane-campbell-handbook-qualitative-evidence-synthesis  
  
  
• Oxman M, Chesire FC, Mugisha M, Ssenyonga R, Ngatia B, Nsangi A, Lewin S, Moberg J, Sewankambo N, Kaseje M, Melby-Lervåg M, Fretheim A, Oxman AD, Rosenbaum S. Development of a framework of potential adverse effects of interventions to improve critical thinking about health choices: A mixed methods study. [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. F1000Research 2024, 13:1303 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158042.1
  
  
• Oxman AD, Nsangi A, Martínez García L, Kaseje M, Jofra LS, Semakula D, Munthe-Kaas H, Rosenbaum S. The effects of teaching strategies on learning to think critically in primary and secondary schools: an overview of systematic reviews [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. F1000Research 2024, 13:1426 doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158087.1
  
  
• Mugisha M, Oxman AD, Nyirazinyoye L, et al. incl. Oxman M, Rosenbaum S, Lewin S.  Process evaluation of teaching critical thinking about health using the Informed Health Choices intervention in Rwanda: a mixed methods study. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2024;12(6):e2300483. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-23-00483
  
  
• Ssenyonga R, Lewin S, Nakyejwe E, et al. incl. Oxman M, Rosenbaum S, Oxman AD, Munthe-Kaas H, Holst, C. Process evaluation of teaching critical thinking about health using the Informed Health Choices Intervention in Uganda: a mixed methods study. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2024;12(6):e2300484. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-23-00484
  
  
• Chesire F, Oxman AO, Kaseje M, et al. incl. Oxman M, Munthe-Kaas H, Holst, C, Rosenbaum S, Lewin S. Process evaluation of teaching critical thinking about health using the Informed Health Choices Intervention in Kenya: a mixed methods study. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2024;12(6):e2300485. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-23-00485
  
  
• Galmiche, S., Coustaury, C., Charniga, K. et al. incl. Elstrøm, P. Patterns and drivers of excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in 13 Western European countries. BMC Global Public Health 2, 78 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s44263-024-00103-z
  
  
• Zeraatkar D, Ling M, Kirsh S, Jassal T, Shahab M, Movahed H et al. incl. Flottorp SA. Interventions for the management of long covid (post-covid condition): living systematic review.BMJ 2024;387:e081318. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-081318. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39603702/
  
  
• Tu K, Lapadula MC, Apajee J, Bonilla AO, Baste V, Cuba-Fuentes MS, et al. incl. Flottorp S. Changes in reasons for visits to primary care after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic: An international comparative study by the International Consortium of Primary Care Big Data Researchers (INTRePID).PLOS Glob Public Health. 2024 Aug 22;4(8):e0003406. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003406. PMID: 39173045.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39173045/  

• Javier Silva-Valencia,Carla Lapadula,John M. Westfall,Gabriela Gaona,Simon de Lusignan,Robert Sarkadi Kristiansson,Zheng Jye Ling,Lay Hoon Goh,Percy Soto-Becerra,Maria Sofia Cuba-Fuentes,Knut-Arne Wensaas,Signe Flottorp,Valborg Baste et al. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health visits in primary care: an interrupted time series analysis from nine INTRePID countries. eClinicalMedicine 2024;70:102533. Published Online March 09, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102533

• Peng K, Tu K, Li Z, Hallinan CM, Laughlin A, Manski-Nankervis JA, Apajee J, Lapadula MC, Ortigoza A, Da Roza CC, Baste V, Flottorp S, Wensaas KA, Goh LH, Ling ZJ, Kristiansson R, Gaona G, Pace WD, Westfall JM, Ng APP, Wong WC. Global impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on sexual and reproductive health services: An international comparative study on primary care from the INTRePID Consortium. BJOG. 2024 Mar;131(4):508-517. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.17704. Epub 2023 Nov 7. PMID: 37935645.

• Silje Rebekka Heltveit-Olsen, Unni Gopinathan, Hege Salvesen Blix, Petter Elstrøm, Sigurd Høye. Effect of methenamine hippurate shortage on antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infections in Norway—an interrupted time series analysis, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2024; dkae078, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkae078
  
  
• F Chesire, M Mugisha, R Ssenyonga, CJ Rose, A Nsangi, M Kaseje, NK Sewankambo, M Oxman, SE Rosenbaum, J Moberg, A Dahlgren, S Lewin, M Venkateswaran, EZ Papadopoulou, AD Oxman. Effects of the Informed Health CHoices secondary school intervention after one year: a prospective meta-analysis using individual participant data.  Trials. 2024 Oct 30;25(1):733. doi: 10.1186/s13063-024-08577-w.  

Reports and working papers

• Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research (CEIR), Annual Report 2023. Published by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2024.

Study protocols

• Gopinathan U, Peacocke E, Abankwah DN, Aryeetey GC, Glenton C, Khisa PN, Koduah A, Ram R, Nonvignon J, Nzinga J, Ottie-Boakye D, Pakenham-Walsh NM, Tsofa B, Waithaka D, Lewin S. Using evidence from civil society in national and subnational health policy processes: a qualitative evidence synthesis (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD015810. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015810 
  
  
• Racha Fadlallah, Fadi El-Jardali, Nour Kalach, Lama Bou Karroum, Reem Hoteit, Andrew Aoun, Lara Al-Hakim, Francisca Verdugo-Paiva, Gabriel Rada, Atle Fretheim, Simon Lewin, Ramona Ludolph, Elie A. Akl. Public Health and Social Measures (PHSM) interventions to control COVID-19 An Overview of Systematic Reviews. medRxiv 2023.11.21.23298387; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.21.23298387

  This article is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed [what does this mean?]. It reports new medical research that has yet to be evaluated and so should not be used to guide clinical practice.

  Bjerk, M., Flottorp, S.A., Pripp, A.H. et al. Tailored implementation of national recommendations on fall prevention among older adults in municipalities in Norway (FALLPREVENT trial): a study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial. Implementation Sci 19, 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-024-01334-2

2023

Scientific papers (including preprints and commentaries)

• Rosenbaum S, Moberg J, Chesire F et al., including  Lewin, S, Oxman, A, Oxman M. Teaching critical thinking about health information and choices in secondary schools: human-centred design of digital resources [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. F1000Research 2023, 12:481 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132580.1
  
  
• Tuv M, Elgersma IH, Furuseth E, Holst C, Helleve A, Fretheim A. General practitioner phone calls to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake among patients at increased risk of severe COVID-19: A randomised trial. BJGP Open. 2023 Feb 8:BJGPO.2022.0175. doi: 10.3399/BJGPO.2022.0175. 
  
  
• Danielsen, A.S., Elstrøm, P., Eriksen-Volle, HM. et al. The epidemiology of multidrug-resistant organisms in persons diagnosed with cancer in Norway, 2008–2018: expanding surveillance using existing laboratory and register data. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-023-04698-3
  
  
• Ljungquist Oskar, Haldorsen Bjørg, Pöntinen Anna Kaarina, Janice Jessin, Josefsen Ellen Haldis, Elstrøm Petter, Kacelnik Oliver,The Norwegian Study Group on CPE, Sundsfjord Arnfinn, Samuelsen Ørjan. Nationwide, population-based observational study of the molecular epidemiology and temporal trend of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Norway, 2015 to 2021. Euro Surveill. 2023;28(27):pii=2200774. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.27.2200774
  
  
• Chesire F, Kaseje M, Ochieng M, Ngatia B, Mugisha M, Ssenyonga R, Oxman M, Nsangi A, Semakula D, Christopher RJ, Nyirazinyoye L, Dahlgren A, Lewin S, Sewankambo NK, Rosenbaum S, Oxman AD. Effects of the informed health choices secondary school intervention on the ability of students in Kenya to think critically about health choices: A cluster-randomized trial. J Evid Based Med. 2023: https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12556
  
  
• Mugisha M, Nyirazinyoye L, Simbi CMC, Chesire F, Senyonga R, Oxman M, Nsangi A, Semakula D, Rose CJ, Moberg J, Dahlgren A, Kaseje M, Lewin S, Sewankambo NK, Rosenbaum S, Oxman AD. Effects of the Informed Health Choices secondary school intervention on the ability of students in Rwanda to think critically about health choices: A cluster-randomized trial. J Evid Based Med. 2023: https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12551
  
  
• Ssenyonga R, Oxman AD, Nakyejwe E, Chesire F, Mugisha M, Nsangi A, Semakula D, Oxman M, Rose CJ, Rosenbaum SE, Moberg J, Kaseje M, Nyirazinyoye L, Dahlgren A, Lewin S, Sewankambo NK. Use of the informed health choices educational intervention to improve secondary students’ ability to think critically about health interventions in Uganda: A cluster-randomized trial. J Evid Based Med. 2023: https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12553
  
  
• Chesire F, Mugisha M, Ssenyonga R, Rose CJ, Nsangi A, Kaseje M, Sewankambo NK, Oxman M, Rosenbaum SE, Moberg J, Dahlgren A, Lewin S, Oxman AD. Effects of the Informed Health Choices secondary school intervention: A prospective meta-analysis. J Evid Based Med. 2023:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12552
  
  
• Langlete, M. Tesli, L. Veneti, J. Starrfelt, P. Elstrøm, H. Meijerink, Estimated vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron infections among health care workers and the general adult population in Norway, August 2021 – January 2022, Vaccine (2023), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.022
  
  
• Wainwright, M., Zahroh, R.I., Tunçalp, Ö. et al., including Munthe-Kaas, H., Lewin, S. The use of GRADE-CERQual in qualitative evidence synthesis: an evaluation of fidelity and reporting. Health Res Policy Sys 21, 77 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-023-00999-3
  
  
• Dahlgren A, Semakula D, Chesire F, Oxman AD et al. Critical thinking about treatment effects in Eastern Africa: development and Rasch analysis of an assessment tool [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. F1000Research 2023, 12:887 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132052.1)
  
  
• Elgersma, I.H., Hart, R.K., Straiton, M.L. et al. Migrant background and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental healthcare consultations among children and adolescents in Norway: a nationwide registry study. BMC Health Serv Res 23, 718 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09666-3
  
  
• Elgersma IH, Fretheim A, Elstrøm P, Aavitsland P. Association between face mask use and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Cross-sectional study. Epidemiol Infect. 2023 Nov 13;151:e194. doi: 10.1017/S0950268823001826.
  
  
• Deliv C, Devane D, Putnam E, Rosenbaum S, et al. Development of a video-based evidence synthesis knowledge translation resource: Drawing on a user-centred design approach. DIGITAL HEALTH. 2023;9. doi:10.1177/20552076231170696
  
  
• Magnusson, K., Turkiewicz, A., Flottorp, S.A. et al. Prevalence of long COVID complaints in persons with and without COVID-19. Sci Rep 13, 6074 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32636-y
  
  
• Agaba JJ, Chesire F, Mugisha M, Nandi P, Njue J, Nsangi A, Nsengimana V, Oyuga C, Rutiyomba F, Semakula D, Ssenyonga R, Uwimana I, Oxman AD (2023) Prioritisation of Informed Health Choices (IHC) key concepts to be included in lower secondary school resources: A consensus study. PLoS ONE 18(4): e0267422.
  doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267422

• Gopinathan U. Evidence-informed deliberative processes for UHC: progress, potential and prudence: Comment on “Evidence-informed deliberative processes for health benefit package design – part II: a practical guide.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2023;12:7541. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2023.7541.

• Stewart, R., Aronson, J.K., Barends, E., Boruch, R., Brennan, M., Chislett, J., Cunliffe-Jones, P., Maynard, B., Oxman, M., Pullin, A., Randall, N., Sharples, J., Stott, J. and Vale, L. (2022) Lessons from working across fields to develop a framework for informed choices. Research for All, 6 (1), 5, 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14324/RFA.06.1.05.

• Schünemann HJ, Brennan S, Akl EA, Hultcrantz M, Alonso-Coello P, Xia J, Davoli M, Rojas MX, Meerpohl JJ, Flottorp S, et. al. The development methods of official GRADE articles and requirements for claiming the use of GRADE - a statement by the GRADE Guidance Group. J Clin Epidemiol. 2023. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.05.010

• Nsangi A, Aranza D, Asimwe R, Munaabi-Babigumira S, Nantongo J, Nordheim L, Ochieng R, Oyuga C, Uwimana I, Dahlgren A, Oxman A. What should the standard be for passing and mastery on the Critical Thinking about Health Test? A consensus study. BMJ Open 2023;13:e066890. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066890

• The Oslo Chronic Fatigue Consortium, incl. Signe Agnes Flottorp, (23 Sep 2023):
  Chronic fatigue syndromes: real illnesses that people can recover from, Scandinavian Journal
  of Primary Health Care, DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2023.2235609

Reports and working papers

• Gopinathan U, Fretheim A. Randomiserte og kvasieksperimentelle studier i den statlige forvaltningen: en
  kartlegging. [Randomised and quasi-experimental studies in the public sector: a mapping study].
  Rapport 2023. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet, 2023.
• Annual Report 2022 Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research (CEIR). 2023

Study protocols

• Oxman, Matt, Oxman Andrew D., Fretheim, Atle, Lewin, Simon (2023). Participants' and investigators' experiences and views of potential adverse effects of an educational intervention: Protocol for a qualitative evidence synthesis.
  Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7681365
  
  
• Fagernes, M., Eriksen-Volle, H.-M., Holst, C., Rose, C. J., Solberg, R. B., & Elstrøm, P. (2023). Study protocol: Evaluation of the National tool for observation of infection prevention measures in the healthcare (NOST) – a cluster randomized trial. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7648821 
  
  
• Theilmann M, Ginindza N, Myeni J, Dlamini S et al., incl. Lewin S. Strengthening primary care for diabetes and hypertension in Eswatini: study protocol for a nationwide cluster-randomized controlled trial. 2023 Mar 22;24(1):210. doi: 10.1186/s13063-023-07096-4. PMID: 36949485; PMCID: PMC10031170.  

2022

Scientific papers (including preprints and commentaries)

• Atle Fretheim, Ingeborg Hess Elgersma, Arnfinn Helleve, Petter Elstrom, Oliver Kacelnik, Lars G. Hemkens. Effect of Wearing Glasses on Risk of Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in the Community: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. 2022;5(12):e2244495. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44495 

• Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 1.1: Assumptions that treatments are safe or effective can be misleading. J R Soc Med. 2022;115(9):354-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768221120491

• Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 1.2: Seemingly logical assumptions about research can be misleading. J R Soc Med. 2022;115(10):408-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768221135497

• Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 1.3: Seemingly logical assumptions about treatments can be misleading. J R Soc Med. 2022;115(11):448-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768221135536

• Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 1.4: Trust based on the source of a claim alone can be misleading. J R Soc Med. 2022:1410768221135537. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768221135537

• Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 2.1: Comparisons of treatments should be fair. J R Soc Med. 2022:1410768221140733. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768221140733

• Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 2.2: Reviews of the effects of treatments should be fair. J R Soc Med. 2022:1410768221140738. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768221140738

• Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 2.3: Descriptions of effects should clearly reflect the size of the effects. J R Soc Med. 2022:1410768221140739. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768221140739

• Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 2.4: Descriptions of effects should reflect the risk of being misled by the play of chance. J R Soc Med. 2022:1410768221140750. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768221140750

• Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 3.1: Evidence should be relevant. J R Soc Med. 2022:1410768221140768. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768221140768

• Oxman A, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 3.2: Expected advantages should outweigh expected disadvantages. J R Soc Med. 2022:1410768221140786. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768221140786

• Oxman AD, Chalmers I and Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices: Where’s the evidence? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 11:890 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123051.2
  
  
• Ingeborg Hess Elgersma, Elise Svarstad, Hilde Kløvstad, Karin Maria Nygård &
  Anja Bråthen Kristoffersen (2022) No evidence for added value of introducing mandatory COVID-19 testing for international travellers entering Norway with a valid EU digital COVID certificate, Infectious Diseases, 54:12, 934-939, DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2022.2131899
• Elgersma IH, Telle K, Elstrøm P, Skagseth H, Kacelnik O. Transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) between hospital workers and members of their household: Nationwide, registry-based, cohort study from Norway. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology (2022), 1–6. doi:10.1017/ice.2022.108
• Elgersma IH, Fretheim A, Indseth T, Munch AT, Johannessen LB, Hansen CE. Evaluation of a social media campaign to increase COVID-19 testing in migrant groups: A cluster randomized trial. J Med Internet Res. 2022 Feb 24. doi: 10.2196/34544. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35285811.  
• Andrew D. Oxman, Atle Fretheim, Simon Lewin, Signe Flottorp, Claire Glenton, Arnfinn Helleve, Didrik Frimann Vestrheim, Bjørn Gunnar Iversen and Sarah E. Rosenbaum. Health communication in and out of public health emergencies: to persuade or to inform? Health Research Policy and Systems (2022) 20:28
  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-022-00828-z
• Munthe‐Kaas, H., Nøkleby, H., & Rosenbaum, S. (2022). User experiences of structured stakeholder engagement to consider transferability: The TRANSFER approach. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18, e1284. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1284

• Stebbings S, Rotevatn TA, Larsen VB, Surén P, Elstrøm P, Greve-Isdahl M, Johansen TB, Astrup E. Experience with open schools and preschools in periods of high community transmission of COVID-19 in Norway during the academic year of 2020/2021. BMC Public Health. 2022 Jul 30;22(1):1454. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13868-5.

• Rotevatn TA, Elstrøm P, Greve-Isdahl M, Surén P, Johansen TKB, Astrup E. School Closure Versus Targeted Control Measures for SARS-CoV-2 Infection. 2022 Mar 11. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-055071. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35274128.  

• Rosenbaum, Sarah et al. "Teaching Young People to Think Critically about Health Claims and Choices." In Combating Online Health Misinformation: A Professional's Guide to Helping the Public, edited by Keselman A, Smith CA, Wilson AJ.  Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2022.

• Matt Oxman, Faith Chelagat Chesire, Michael Mugisha, Ronald Ssenyonga, Benson Ngatia, Allen Nsangi, Simon Lewin, Jenny Moberg, Nelson Sewankambo, Margaret Kaseje, Monica Melby-Lervåg, Atle Fretheim, Andrew David Oxman, Sarah Rosenbaum (2022). Potential adverse effects of an educational intervention: Development of a framework. medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.27.22278097

• Tu K, Sarkadi Kristiansson R, Gronsbell J, de Lusignan S, Flottorp S, Goh LH, Hallinan CM, Hoang U, Kang SY, Kim YS, Li Z, Ling ZJ, Manski-Nankervis JA, Ng APP, Pace WD, Wensaas KA, Wong WC, Stephenson E; INTRePID. Changes in primary care visits arising from the COVID-19 pandemic: an international comparative study by the International Consortium of Primary Care Big Data Researchers (INTRePID). BMJ Open. 2022 May 9;12(5):e059130. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059130. PMID: 35534063.  DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059130
  
  
• Gravningen K, Henriksen S, Hungnes O, Svendsen K, MacDonald E, Schirmer H, Stene-Johansen K, Simonsen GS, Kacelnik O, Elstrøm P, Bragstad K, Rinaldo CH. Risk factors, immune response and whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in a cruise ship outbreak in Norway. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 May;118:10-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.025.

• FC Chesire, MA Ochieng, M Mugisha, R Senyonga, M Oxman, A Nsangi, D Semakula, L Nyirazinyoye, S Lewin, NK Sewankambo, M Kaseje, AD Oxman, S Rosenbaum. Contextualizing critical thinking about health using digital technology in secondary schools in Kenya: a qualitative analysis. Pilot Feasibility Stud 8, 227 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-01183-0

• Camilla Alderighi, Raffaele Rasoini, Giulio Formoso, Maria Grazia Celani, Sarah E. Rosenbaum. Feasibility of contextualizing the Informed Health Choices learning resources in Italy: A pilot study in a primary school in Florence.F1000Research 2022, 11:1167. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123728.1

• Christine Holst, Dominik Stelzle, Lien My Diep, Felix Sukums, Bernard
  Ngowi, Josef Noll, Andrea Sylvia Winkler. Improving Health Knowledge Through Provision of Free Digital Health Education to Rural Communities in Iringa, Tanzania:
  Nonrandomized Intervention Study. J Med Internet Res 2022;24(7):e37666) doi: 10.2196/37666
  
  
• Glenton C, Carlsen B, Winje BA, Eilers R, Wennekes MD, Hoffmann TC, Lewin S; VITAL Consortium. Using qualitative research to develop an elaboration of the TIDieR checklist for interventions to enhance vaccination communication: short report. Health Res Policy Syst. 2022 Mar 19;20(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s12961-022-00833-2. PMID: 35305651. 
• Barry A, Lewin S, Cadogan CA. Applying the intervention Complexity Assessment Tool to brief interventions targeting long-term benzodiazepine receptor agonist use in primary care: Lessons learned. BMC Primary Care. 2022: 23: 175 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-022-01775-y

• Ronald Ssenyonga, Nelson K. Sewankambo, Solomon Kevin Mugagga, Esther Nakyejwe, Faith Chesire, Michael Mugisha, Allen Nsangi, Daniel Semakula, Matt Oxman, Laetitia Nyirazinyoye, Simon Lewin, Margaret Kaseje, Andrew D. Oxman, Sarah Rosenbaum (2022). Learning to think critically about health using digital technology in Ugandan lower secondary schools: A contextual analysis. PLoS ONE 17(2): e0260367. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260367

• Wainwright M, Zahroh RI, Tuncalp Ö, Lewin S, Booth A, Bohren MA, Noyes J, Cheng W, Munthe-Kaas H. GRADE-CERQual’s use in the literature: an evaluation of fidelity and reporting. Health Research Policy and Systems. In peer review

• Claire Glenton, Simon Lewin, Soo Downe, Elizabeth Paulsen, Susan Munabi-Babigumira, Smisha Agarwal, Heather Ames, Sara Cooper, Karen Daniels, Catherine Houghton, Akram Karimi-Shahanjarini, Hlengiwe Moloi, Willem Odendaal, Elham Shakibazadeh, Lavanya Vasudevan, Andreas Xyrichis, and Meghan A. Bohren (2022). Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Qualitative Evidence Syntheses, Differences From Reviews of Intervention Effectiveness and Implications for Guidance. International Journal of Qualitative Methods,Volume 21: 1–14.
  DOI: 10.1177/16094069211061950

• Enger H, Larssen KW, Damås ES, Aamot HV, Blomfeldt A, Elstrøm P, Ås CG. A tale of two STs: molecular and clinical epidemiology of MRSA t304 in Norway 2008-2016. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022 Feb;41(2):209-218. doi: 10.1007/s10096-021-04353-9. 

• Fretheim A. Covid-19: Pinlig mangel på kunnskap om effekter av smitteverntiltak. Nytt norsk tidsskrift, s. 78-84. 24 Mars 2022
  https://doi.org/10.18261/nnt.39.1.9

Reports and working papers

• Bjørn G. Iversen, Jean-Claude Desenclos, Atle Fretheim, Anne-Catherine Viso, Tanja Schmidt, Jussi Sane, Paula Virginia Vasconcelos Lopes, Ihor Perehinets, Trygve Ottersen (2022). What has been the role of national public health institutes in providing knowledge during the COVID-19 pandemic, including on the effects of public health and social measures?. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. 
• Gravningen, Kirsten Midttun; Ødeskaug, Liz Ertzeid; Utheim, Mari Nythun; Korpås, Julie Andrine; Jørgensen, Silje Bakken; Elstrøm, Petter; Lyrån, Birgitte; Jemtland, Rune; Kols, Nicola Isabelle; Kvaal, Siv Anita; Asfeldt, Anne Mette; Littauer, Pia; Kilhus, Kristin; Skutlaberg, Dag Harald; Pedersen, Torunn Annie; Hermansen, Nils Olav; Kacelnik, Oliver; Iversen, Bjørn Gunnar. Nasjonalt utbrudd av Pseudomonas aeruginosa i sykehus forårsaket av ferdigfuktede ikke-sterile vaskekluter, Norge, 2021-2022. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet, Område for smittevern, miljø og helse 2022 (ISBN 978-82-8406-308-9) 

Study protocols

• Atle Fretheim, Lars G. Hemkens, Arnfinn Helleve, Ingeborg Hess Elgersma, Petter Elstrøm, Oliver Kacelnik (2022). The GLasses Against transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the communitY (GLASSY) trial: A pragmatic randomized trial (study protocol). medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.04.22270120
• Maria AR, Cooper S, Glenton C, Lewin S, Meskell P, Suleman M, Shepperd S. Adults' views and experiences of vaccines developed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative evidence synthesis (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD015291. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015291.
• Oxman, Matt (2022). Assessing potential "far transfer" of learning: protocol for development and evaluation of questionnaire items [Version 1, awaiting peer review]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6976925
• Oxman, Matt (2022). Assessing potential adverse effects of an educational intervention: protocol for development and evaluation of questionnaire items [Version 1, awaiting peer review]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6976952

2021

Scientific papers

• Vinjerui, K.H., Elgersma, I.H., Fretheim, A. Increased COVID-19 Testing Rates Following Combined Door-to-Door and Mobile Testing Facility Campaigns in Oslo, Norway, a Difference-in-Difference Analysis. Int. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111078

• Enria D, Feng Z, Fretheim A, Ihekweazu C, Ottersen T, Schuchat A, Ungchusak K, Briand S, Haldane V, Lamichhane J, Ludolph R, Mathis M, Nguyen T, Shindo N. Strengthening the evidence base for decisions on public health and social measures. Bull World Health Organ. 2021 Sep 1; 99(9): 610–610A. Published online 2021 Sep 1. doi: 10.2471/BLT.21.287054

• Fretheim A, Helleve A, Løyland B, Sandbekken IH, Flatø M, Telle K, Watle SV, Schjøll A, Helseth S, Jamtvedt G, Hart RK. Relationship between teaching modality and COVID-19, well-being, and teaching satisfaction (campus & corona): A cohort study among students in higher education. Public Health in Practice, Volume 2, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100187.

• Fretheim A, Elgersma IH, Kristiansen FA, Varmbo CR, Olsbø MKS; Glover IHS; Flatø M. The Effectiveness of Free Face Mask Distribution on Use of Face Masks. A Cluster Randomised Trial in Stovner District of Oslo, Norway. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021;18 (17); 8971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178971

• Fretheim, A. COVID-19: Underpowered randomised trials, or no randomised trials? Trials 22, 234 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05209-5
• Oxman A, García LM. Comparison of the Informed Health Choices Key Concepts Framework to other frameworks relevant to teaching and learning how to think critically about health claims and choices: a systematic review [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. F1000Research 2020, 9:164 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21858.1
• Mugisha M, Uwitonze AM, Chesire F, Senyonga R, Oxman M, Nsangi A, Semakula D, Kaseje M, Lewin S, Sewankambo N, Nyirazinyoye L, Oxman A, Rosenbaum S (2021)Teaching critical thinking about health using digital technology in lower secondary schools in Rwanda: A qualitative context analysis. PLOS ONE 16(3): e0248773. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248773
• Jose Francisco Meneses‑Echavez, Sarah Rosenbaum, Gabriel Rada, Signe Flottorp, Jenny Moberg and Pablo Alonso‑Coello. Users’ experiences with an interactive
  Evidence to Decision (iEtD) framework: a qualitative analysis. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak (2021) 21:169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01532-8
• Lise M. Helsingen, Magnus Løberg, Erle Refsum, Dagrun Kyte Gjøstein, Paulina Wieszczy, Ørjan Olsvik, Frederik E. Juul, Ishita Barua, Henriette C. Jodal, Magnhild Herfindal, Yuichi Mori, Solveig Jore, Fridtjof Lund-Johansen, Atle Fretheim, Michael Bretthauer1, Mette Kalager. Covid-19 transmission in fitness centers in Norway - a randomized trial. BMC Public Health (2021) 21:2103 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12073-0
• Martínez García L, Samsó Jofra L, Alonso-Coello P, Ansuategi E, Mistral LA, Ballesteros M, Canelo-Aybar C, Casino G, Iborra AG, Quispe E, Requeijo C, Figuls M, Salas K, Ubeda M, Urreta I, Rosenbaum S. Teaching and learning how to make informed health choices: Protocol for a context analysis in Spanish primary schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2021, 10:312 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51961.2
• Abdulahi, M., Fretheim, A., Argaw, A., Magnus, J.H. Determinants of Knowledge and Attitude towards Breastfeeding in Rural PregnantWomen Using Validated Instruments in Ethiopia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157930
• Abdulahi, M., Fretheim, A., Argaw, A., Magnus, J.H. Breastfeeding Education and Support to Improve Early Initiation and Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices and Infant Growth: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial from a Rural Ethiopian Setting. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041204

• Glenton C, Carlsen B, Lewin S, Wennekes MD, Winje BA, Eilers R, on behalf of the VITAL consortium. Healthcare workers’ perceptions and experiences of communicating with people over 50 years of age about vaccination: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD013706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013706.pub2

• Oxman M, Larun L, Pérez Gaxiola G, Alsaid D, Qasim A, Rose C, Bischoff K, Oxman A. Quality of information in news media reports about the effects of health interventions: Systematic review and meta-analyses [version 1; peer review: 3 approved] F1000Research 2021, 10:433 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52894.1

Reports

• Vinjerui KH, Elgersma IH, Fretheim A. Covid-19. Dør-til-dør-aksjoner, mobile teststasjoner og endring i testandel blant norsk- og utenlandsfødte i bydel Stovner, Oslo. FHI-rapport, 2021. Folkehelseinstituttet, Oslo, 2021. https://www.fhi.no/publ/2021/covid-19.-dor-til-dor-aksjoner-mobile-teststasjoner-og-endring-i-testandel-/
• Indseth T, Arnesen T, Bjørbæk M, Brekke JP, Duahle H, Elgersma I, Eide H, Ezzati RT, Julie Fevåg, Flatø M, Fretheim A, Gawad M, Gele A, Godøy A, Grøtting MW, Hernæs K, Hussaini L, Kristoffersen AB, Labberton A, Lindman A, Mohammed NS, Nordstrøm C, Qureshi S, Spilker RS, Strand BH, Telle K, Tsige SA, Vinjerui K. 2021. Covid-19 blant innvandrere i Norge, vurdering av tiltak og erfaringer fra felt, delrapport 1, Rapport Folkehelseinstituttet og erfaringer fra felt, delrapport 1, Rapport Folkehelseinstituttet 2021. hdl.handle.net/11250/2764139
• Astrup, Elisabeth; Aune, Idunn Forland; Elstrøm, Petter; Greve-Isdahl, Margrethe; Hagen, Frode; Johansen, Tone Kristin Bjordal; Lange, Heidi; Madslien, Elisabeth Henie; Nygård, Karin Maria; Rotevatn, Torill Alise; Sletvold, Bjørn; Stebbings, Sara Josefine Sagstuen; Wiklund, Ottar. Vurdering av utbruddssituasjonen i skoler og barnehager mars 2021. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet; Oslo kommune 2021.
• Elstrøm, Petter; Falk, Monica; Forland, Frode; Heradstveit, Petter Leinaas; Korpås, Julie Andrine; Lie, Svein; Lange, Heidi; Macdonald, Emily Ann; Naseer, Mohammed Umaer; Nguyen, Truc Trung; Nygård, Karin Maria; Selstø, Annlaug; Utheim, Mari Nythun; Vestrheim, Didrik Frimann; Ødeskaug, Liz Ertzeid.
  Erfaringsgjennomgang etter utvalgte utbrudd av covid-19 i Norge, desember 2020 – mars 2021. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet 2021 (ISBN 978-82-8406-214-3) 

2020

Scientific papers

• Andrew D Oxman, Claire Glenton, Signe Flottorp, Simon Lewin, Sarah Rosenbaum, Atle Fretheim. Development of a checklist for people communicating evidence-based information about the effects of healthcare interventions: a mixed methods study. BMJ Open 2020;10:e036348. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2019-036348

• Fretheim A, Flatø M, Steens A, Flottorp SA, Rose CJ, Telle KE, Kinge JM, Schwarze PE. COVID-19: we need randomised trials of school closures. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2020 Dec;74(12):1078-1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214262
• Daniel Semakula, Allen Nsangi, Andrew D. Oxman, Matt Oxman, Astrid Austvoll-Dahlgren, Sarah Rosenbaum, Angela Morelli, Claire Glenton, Simon Lewin, Laetitia Nyirazinyoye, Margaret Kaseje, Iain Chalmers, Atle Fretheim, Christopher J. Rose and Nelson K. Sewankambo. Effects of the Informed Health Choices podcast on the ability of parents of primary school children in Uganda to assess the trustworthiness of claims about treatment effects: one-year follow up of a randomised trial.Trials 21, Article number: 187 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-4093-x
• Atle Fretheim, Kjetil G Brurberg, Frode Forland. Rapid reviews for rapid decision-making during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, Norway, 2020. Eurosurveillance, vol. 25, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.19.2000687
• Allen Nsangi, Daniel Semakula, Andrew D. Oxman, Astrid Austvoll-Dahlgren, Matt Oxman, Sarah Rosenbaum, Angela Morelli, Claire Glenton, Simon Lewin, Margaret Kaseje, Iain Chalmers, Atle Fretheim, Yunpeng Ding and Nelson K. Sewankambo. Effects of the Informed Health Choices primary school intervention on the ability of children in Uganda to assess the reliability of claims about treatment effects, 1-year follow-up: a cluster-randomised trial. Trials 21, Article number: 27 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3960-9
• Allen Nsangi, Daniel Semakula, Sarah E. Rosenbaum, Andrew David Oxman, Matt Oxman, Angela Morelli, Astrid Austvoll-Dahlgren, Margaret Kaseje, Michael Mugisha, Anne-Marie Uwitonze, Claire Glenton, Simon Lewin, Atle Fretheim and Nelson Kaulukusi Sewankambo. Development of the informed health choices resources in four countries to teach primary school children to assess claims about treatment effects: a qualitative study employing a user-centred approach. BMC Pilot and Feasibility Studies6, Article number: 18 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-00565-6
• Allen Nsangi, Andrew David Oxman, Matt Oxman, Sarah E. Rosenbaum, Daniel Semakula, Ronald Ssenyonga, Michael Mugisha, Faith Chelagat, Margaret Kaseje, Leaticia Nyirazinyoye, Iain Chalmers, Nelson Kaulukusi Sewankambo. Protocol for assessing stakeholder engagement in the development and evaluation of the Informed Health Choices resources teaching secondary school students to think critically about health claims and choices. PLOS ONE, 15. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239985
• Glenton C, Winje BA, Carlsen B, Eilers R, Wennekes MD, Lewin S.Healthcare workers’ perceptions and experiences of communicating with people over 50 about vaccination: a qualitative evidence synthesis (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD013706. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013706.

• Houghton C, Meskell P, Delaney H, Smalle M, Glenton C, Booth A, Chan XHS, Devane D, Biesty LM. Barriers and facilitators to healthcare workers’ adherence with infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines for respiratory infectious diseases: a rapid qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD013582. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013582.

• Biesty, L., Meskell, P., Glenton, C. et al. A QuESt for speed: rapid qualitative evidence syntheses as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Syst Rev 9, 256 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01512-5
• Matt Oxman, Laurence Habib, Gro Jamtvedt, Bente Kalsnes, Marianne Molin. Using claims in the media to teach essential concepts for evidence-based healthcare. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111390
• Heather Munthe-Kaas, Heid Nøkleby, Simon Lewin, Claire Glenton. The TRANSFER Approach for assessing the transferability of systematic review findings. BMC Medical Research Methodology, (2020) 20:11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0834-5
• Holger J. Schünemann, Nancy Santesso, Gunn E. Vist, Carlos Cuello, Tamara Lotfi, Signe Flottorp, Marina Davoli, Reem Mustafa, Joerg J. Meerpohl, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Elie A. Akl. Using GRADE in situations of emergencies and urgencies: certainty in evidence and recommendations matters during the COVID-19 pandemic, now more than ever and no matter what. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 127 (2020) 202-207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.05.030
• Martínez García L, Alonso-Coello P, Asso Ministral L, Rosenbaum S et al. Learning to make informed health choices: Protocol for a pilot study in schools in Barcelona [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2020, 8:2018 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21292.3
• Tricco AC, Garritty CM, Boulos L, Lockwood C, Wilson M, McGowan J, Lewin S et al. Rapid review methods more challenging during COVID-19: commentary with a focus on 8 knowledge synthesis steps. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 126 (2020), 177-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.029

Reports

• Vestrheim DF, Iversen BG, Flottorp S, Denison E, Oxman AD. Covid-19: Should individuals in the community without respiratory symptoms wear facemasks to reduce the spread of Covid-19? – Update 1 [Covid-19: Bør personer i samfunnet bruke munnbind for å redusere spredningen av Covid-19? – Første oppdatering. Hurtigoversikt 2020] Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2020. hdl.handle.net/11250/2722757
• Brurberg KG, Fretheim A. Aerosol generating procedures in health care, and COVID-19. Rapid review 2020. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2020. hdl.handle.net/11250/2729457
• Brurberg KG, Fretheim A. COVID-19: The relationship between age, comorbidity and disease severity – a rapid review, 1st update. [COVID-19: Sammenheng mellom alder, komorbiditet og sykdomsalvorlighet – en hurtigoversikt, første oppdatering. Hurtigoversikt 2020.] Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2020. hdl.handle.net/11250/2726840
• Fretheim A. Barns rolle i spredning av SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) – en hurtigoversikt. Hurtigoversikt, 2020. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet, 2020. hdl.handle.net/11250/2717104
• Brurberg KB, Fretheim A. Covid-19: Sammenheng mellom alder, komorbiditet og sykdomsalvorlighet – en hurtigoversikt. Hurtigoversikt 2020. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet, 2020. hdl.handle.net/11250/2717103